Published Research on Placenta Size and Stillbirth

Below is our growing collection of published research on placenta size and stillbirth.

View a printable research summary.

 

A.

Small Placentas and Poor Outcomes, Including Stillbirth

  1. Placental weight centiles adjusted for age, parity and fetal sex. Flatley, Christopher, Pol Sole-Navais, Marc Vaudel, Øyvind Helgeland, Dominika Modzelewska, Stefan Johansson, Bo Jacobsson, and Pål Njølstad. Placenta, Volume 117, 2021, Pages 87-94, (Link - free full PDF)

  2. Placental weight for gestational age and adverse perinatal outcomes. Hutcheon JA, McNamara H, Platt RW, Benjamin A, Kramer MS. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012 Jun 1;119(6):1251-8. (Link - free full PDF)

  3. Placental weight and risk of neonatal death. Dypvik J, Larsen S, Haavaldsen C, Saugstad OD, Eskild A. JAMA Pediatrics. 2019 Dec 2. (Link - purchase required)

  4. Fetal death and placental weight/birthweight ratio: a population study. Haavaldsen C, Samuelsen SO, Eskild A. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2013 May;92(5):583-90. (Link - free full PDF)

  5. Can post-mortem examination of the placenta help determine the cause of stillbirth? Heazell AE, Martindale EA. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Jan 1;29(3):225-8. (Link - free summary)

  6. Placental features of late-onset adverse pregnancy outcome. Higgins LE, de Castro NR, Addo N, Wareing M, Greenwood SL, Jones RL, Sibley CP, Johnstone ED, Heazell AE. PloS one. 2015;10(6). (Link - free full PDF)

  7. Placental weight and its ratio to birth weight in normal pregnancy at Songkhlanagarind Hospital. Janthanaphan M, Kor-anantakul O, Geater A. JOURNAL-MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND. 2006 Feb;89(2):130. (Link - free full PDF)

  8. Placental findings contributing to fetal death, a study of 120 stillbirths between 23 and 40 weeks gestation. Kidron D, Bernheim J, Aviram R. Placenta. 2009 Aug 1;30(8):700-4. (Link - free abstract)

  9. Placenta and umbilical cord abnormalities seen with stillbirth. Pinar H, Carpenter M. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology. 2010 Sep 1;53(3):656-72. (Link - free abstract)

  10. Placental pathology in relation to stillbirth and neonatal outcome in an extremely preterm population: a prospective cohort study. Vinnars MT, Papadogiannakis N, Nasiell J, Holmström G, Westgren M. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2015 Jun;94(6):584-90 (Link - free full)

  11. Altered fetal growth, placental abnormalities, and stillbirth. Bukowski, R., Hansen, N.I., Pinar, H., Willinger, M., Reddy, U.M., Parker, C.B., Silver, R.M., Dudley, D.J., Stoll, B.J., Saade, G.R. and Koch, M.A., 2017. PloS one, 12(8), p.e0182874. (Link - free full)

  12. Evaluation of the relation between placental weight and placental weight to foetal weight ratio and the causes of stillbirth: a retrospective comparative study. Pásztor, Norbert, et al. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 38.1 (2018): 74-80. (Link - free abstract)

B.

Fetal:Placental (F:P) Weight Ratio Normative Curves

  1. Placental weight centiles adjusted for age, parity and fetal sex. Flatley, Christopher, Pol Sole-Navais, Marc Vaudel, Øyvind Helgeland, Dominika Modzelewska, Stefan Johansson, Bo Jacobsson, and Pål Njølstad. Placenta, Volume 117, 2021, Pages 87-94, (Link - free full PDF)

  2. Human Fetal-Placental Weight Ratio in Normal Singleton Near-Term Pregnancies. Lurie S, Feinstein M, Mamet Y: Gynecol Obstet Invest 1999;48:155-157. (Link - free full PDF)

  3. Analysis of placental weight centiles is useful to estimate cause of fetal growth restriction. Hasegawa J, Arakawa K, Nakamura M, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Katsufumi O, Sekizawa A, Okai T. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2011 Nov;37(11):1658-65. (Link - free abstract)

  4. Placenta weight percentile curves for singleton and twins deliveries. Almog B, Shehata F, Aljabri S, Levin I, Shalom-Paz E, Shrim A. Placenta. 2011 Jan 1;32(1):58-62. (Link - free abstract)

  5. Placental adaptation: what can we learn from birthweight: placental weight ratio? Hayward CE, Lean S, Sibley CP, Jones RL, Wareing M, Greenwood SL, Dilworth MR. Frontiers in physiology. 2016 Feb 5;7:28. (Link - free full PDF)

  6. Patterns of fetal and placental growth: the second half of normal pregnancy. HENDRICKS CH. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1964 Sep 1;24(3):357-65. (Link - free partial PDF)

  7. Standard curves of placental weight and fetal/placental weight ratio in Japanese population: difference according to the delivery mode, fetal sex, or maternal parity. Ogawa M, Matsuda Y, Nakai A, Hayashi M, Sato S, Matsubara S. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2016 Nov 1;206:225-31.
    (Link - free summary)

  8. Placenta/birthweight ratio and perinatal outcome: a retrospective cohort analysis. Shehata F, Levin I, Shrim A, Ata B, Weisz B, Gamzu R, Almog B. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2011 May;118(6):741-7.
    (Link - free full PDF)

  9. Gestational age, gender and parity specific centile charts for placental weight for singleton deliveries in Aberdeen, UK. Wallace JM, Bhattacharya S, Horgan GW. Placenta. 2013 Mar 1;34(3):269-74. (Link - free abstract)

  10. The Relationship between the Weight of the Placenta and Birth Weight of Term Neonate Delivered in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Nigeria. Olaleye, A.A., Nwafor, J.I., Ebere, I.C., Ibo, C.C., Ugoji, D.P.C., Obi, N.C., Asogwa, S.U. and Adiele, A.N., 2019. Advances in Reproductive Sciences, 7(4), pp.82-93. (Link)

C.

Fetal:Placental (F:P) Weight Ratios and Poor Outcomes, Including Stillbirth

  1. Placental weight centiles adjusted for age, parity and fetal sex. Flatley, Christopher, Pol Sole-Navais, Marc Vaudel, Øyvind Helgeland, Dominika Modzelewska, Stefan Johansson, Bo Jacobsson, and Pål Njølstad. Placenta, Volume 117, 2021, Pages 87-94, (Link - free full PDF)

  2. Fetal weight/placental weight ratio and perinatal outcome. Bonds DR, Gabbe SG, Kumar S, Taylor T. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 May 15;149(2):195-200.
    (Link- free abstract)

  3. Fetal death and placental weight/birthweight ratio: a population study. Haavaldsen C, Samuelsen SO, Eskild A. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2013 May;92(5):583-90. (Link - free full PDF)

  4. Placental weight and its ratio to birth weight in normal pregnancy at Songkhlanagarind Hospital. Janthanaphan M, Kor-anantakul O, Geater A. JOURNAL-MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND. 2006 Feb;89(2):130. (Link - free full)

  5. Relationship of fetal and placental weight in human beings: fetal/placental weight ratios at various gestational ages and birth weight distributions. Molteni RA, Stys SJ, Battaglia FC. The Journal of reproductive medicine. 1978 Nov;21(5):327-34. (Link - free abstract)

  6. Placental growth and fetal/placental weight (F/P) ratios throughout gestation--their relationship to patterns of fetal growth. Molteni RA. InSeminars in perinatology 1984 Apr (Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 94-100). (Link - free abstract) 

  7. Decreased placental weight centile and increased birthweight: placental weight ratios in stillbirths suggests placental insufficiency even in stillbirths of “unknown” cause. Worton S, Heazell A. Placenta. 2014;9(35):A15-6. (Link - no access)

  8. Normally Grown Non-dysmorphic Stillbirth Post 38 Weeks Gestation and Reduced Fetal Movements: A Matter of Reserve? A Retrospective Study. Campbell, J., Evans, M.J. J. Fetal Med. 7, 111–117 (2020). (Link)

  9. Altered fetal growth, placental abnormalities, and stillbirth. Bukowski, R., Hansen, N.I., Pinar, H., Willinger, M., Reddy, U.M., Parker, C.B., Silver, R.M., Dudley, D.J., Stoll, B.J., Saade, G.R. and Koch, M.A., 2017. PloS one, 12(8), p.e0182874. (Link - free full)

  10. Evaluation of the relation between placental weight and placental weight to foetal weight ratio and the causes of stillbirth: a retrospective comparative study. Pásztor, Norbert, et al. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 38.1 (2018): 74-80. (Link - free abstract)

D.

Placenta Volume Measurements Could Improve Birth Outcomes

  1. Placental weight centiles adjusted for age, parity and fetal sex. Flatley, Christopher, Pol Sole-Navais, Marc Vaudel, Øyvind Helgeland, Dominika Modzelewska, Stefan Johansson, Bo Jacobsson, and Pål Njølstad. Placenta, Volume 117, 2021, Pages 87-94, (Link - free full PDF)

  2. Fetal weight/placental weight ratio and perinatal outcome. Bonds DR, Gabbe SG, Kumar S, Taylor T. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1984 May 15;149(2):195-200. (Link - free abstract)

  3. Placental features of late-onset adverse pregnancy outcome. Higgins LE, de Castro NR, Addo N, Wareing M, Greenwood SL, Jones RL, Sibley CP, Johnstone ED, Heazell AE. PloS one. 2015;10(6). (Link - free full PDF)

  4. Placental weight for gestational age and adverse perinatal outcomes. Hutcheon JA, McNamara H, Platt RW, Benjamin A, Kramer MS. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012 Jun 1;119(6):1251-8. (Link - free full PDF)

  5. Relationship of fetal and placental weight in human beings: fetal/placental weight ratios at various gestational ages and birth weight distributions. Molteni RA, Stys SJ, Battaglia FC. The Journal of reproductive medicine. 1978 Nov;21(5):327-34. (Link - free abstract)

  6. Placental growth and fetal/placental weight (F/P) ratios throughout gestation--their relationship to patterns of fetal growth. Molteni RA. InSeminars in perinatology 1984 Apr (Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 94-100). (Link - free abstract)

  7. Rescue by birth: defective placental maturation and late fetal mortality. Stallmach T, Hebisch G, Meier K, Dudenhausen JW, Vogel M. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001 Apr 1;97(4):505-9. (Link - free abstract)

  8. Placental pathology: its impact on explaining prenatal and perinatal death. Stallmach T, Hebisch G. Virchows Archiv. 2004 Jul 1;445(1):9-16. (Link - free full PDF)

  9. Altered fetal growth, placental abnormalities, and stillbirth. Bukowski, R., Hansen, N.I., Pinar, H., Willinger, M., Reddy, U.M., Parker, C.B., Silver, R.M., Dudley, D.J., Stoll, B.J., Saade, G.R. and Koch, M.A., 2017. PloS one, 12(8), p.e0182874. (Link - free full)

  10. Evaluation of the relation between placental weight and placental weight to foetal weight ratio and the causes of stillbirth: a retrospective comparative study. Pásztor, Norbert, et al. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 38.1 (2018): 74-80. (Link - free abstract)

E.

Estimated Placental Volume (EPV) Validation

1. Determination of placental weight using two-dimensional sonography and volumetric mathematic modeling. Azpurua HJ, Funai EF, Coraluzzi L, Sasson I, Doherty L, Kliman M, Kliman HJ. Am J Perinatology, 27: 151-155, 2010. (Link - free full PDF)

2. Development of In Utero Normative Placental Growth Curves Using a Validated Mathematical Model. Kliman HJ, Arleo EK, Troiano RN. ACOG 59th Annual Meeting, April 30 to May 4, 2011, Washington, DC.

3. Second trimester estimated placental volume (EPV) screening is predictive of SGA and LGA at birth. Staff AC, Laine K, Lahmami G, Gustafsson J, Surbehan H, Barbero ML, Kliman HJ. International Federation of Placenta Associations, September 13-17, 2008, Geilo, Norway. (Conference)

4. Estimated Placental Volume (EPV): Set a Competitive New Standard of Prenatal Care in Less Than One Minute. Arleo EK, Troiano RN, da Silva R, Greenbaum D, Hartigan JA, Ge W, Zeissler AG, Kliman HJ. Radiologic Society of North America, November 27-December 2, Chicago, IL. (Conference)

5. Utilizing 2-Dimensional Ultrasound to Develop Normative Curves for Estimated Placental Volume (EPV). Arleo EK, Troiano RN, da Silva R, Greenbaum D, Kliman HJ. Am J Perinatology. 2013 Oct 9. [Link - Epub ahead of print]

6. First trimester screening for early and late preeclampsia using maternal characteristics, biomarkers, and estimated placental volume. Sonek J, Krantz D, Carmichael J, Downing C, Jessup K, Haidar Z, Ho S, Hallahan T, Kliman HJ, McKenna D. (2018) American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology,  218:126.e1-126.e13; doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.10.024 (Link - free full PDF)

7. Estimated placental volume and gestational age. Isakov KMM, Emerson JW, Campbell KH, Galerneau F, Anders AM, Lee YK, Roberts AE, Kliman HJ. (2018) American Journal of Perinatology, 35:748-57, 2018; doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1615285. (Link - free full PDF)

8. First-trimester screening for early preeclampsia risk using maternal characteristics and estimated placental volume. Kim, Young Ran, et al. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 34.7 (2021): 1155-1160. (Link - free abstract)

F.

Placenta Weight Percentile Normative Curves

  1. Placental weight centiles adjusted for age, parity and fetal sex. Flatley, Christopher, Pol Sole-Navais, Marc Vaudel, Øyvind Helgeland, Dominika Modzelewska, Stefan Johansson, Bo Jacobsson, and Pål Njølstad. Placenta, Volume 117, 2021, Pages 87-94, (Link - free full PDF)

  2. Placenta weight percentile curves for singleton and twins deliveries. Almog B, Shehata F, Aljabri S, Levin I, Shalom-Paz E, Shrim A. Placenta. 2011 Jan 1;32(1):58-62. (Link - free abstract) 

  3. Placental and newborn birth weight in term pregnancy. Ardıç C, Arısoy R, Erhan Dönmez E, Arzu Arıkan S, Erdoğdu E, Tuğrul S. Perinatal Journal/Perinatoloji Dergisi. 2013 Dec 1;21(3). (Link - free full PDF)

  4. Human fetal weight and placental weight growth curves. Bonds DR, Mwape B, Kumar S, Gabbe SG. Neonatology. 1984;45(6):261-74. (Link - free abstract)

  5. Reference values for the weight of freshly delivered term placentas and for placental weight–birth weight ratios. Burkhardt T, Schäffer L, Schneider C, Zimmermann R, Kurmanavicius J. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2006 Sep 1;128(1-2):248-52. (Link - free abstract)

  6. The Fœtus at Risk: The Relationship of Fœtal Growth to Size and Composition of the Placenta. Garrow JS. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. Volume 63 May 1970. (Link - free full PDF)

  7. Analysis of placental weight centiles is useful to estimate cause of fetal growth restriction. Hasegawa J, Arakawa K, Nakamura M, Matsuoka R, Ichizuka K, Katsufumi O, Sekizawa A, Okai T. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2011 Nov;37(11):1658-65. (Link - free abstract)

  8. Placental adaptation: what can we learn from birthweight: placental weight ratio? Hayward CE, Lean S, Sibley CP, Jones RL, Wareing M, Greenwood SL, Dilworth MR. Frontiers in physiology. 2016 Feb 5;7:28. (Link - free full PDF)

  9. Patterns of fetal and placental growth: the second half of normal pregnancy. HENDRICKS CH. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1964 Sep 1;24(3):357-65. (Link - free partial)

  10. Placental weight and its ratio to birth weight in normal pregnancy at Songkhlanagarind Hospital. Janthanaphan M, Kor-anantakul O, Geater A. JOURNAL-MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF THAILAND. 2006 Feb;89(2):130. (Link -free full PDF)

  11. Relationship of fetal and placental weight in human beings: fetal/placental weight ratios at various gestational ages and birth weight distributions. Molteni RA, Stys SJ, Battaglia FC. The Journal of reproductive medicine. 1978 Nov;21(5):327-34. (Link - free abstract)

  12. Do placental weights have clinical significance?. Naeye RL. Human pathology. 1987 Apr 1;18(4):387-91. (Link - free summary)

  13. Standard curves of placental weight and fetal/placental weight ratio in Japanese population: difference according to the delivery mode, fetal sex, or maternal parity. Ogawa M, Matsuda Y, Nakai A, Hayashi M, Sato S, Matsubara S. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2016 Nov 1;206:225-31. (Link - free abstract)

  14. Reference values for singleton and twin placental weights. Pinar H, Sung CJ, Oyer CE, Singer DB. Pediatric Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1996 Jan 1;16(6):901-7. (Link - free abstract)

  15. Human fetal weight and placental weight growth curves. Thompson JM, Irgens LM, Skjaerven R, Rasmussen S. x BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2007 Jun;114(6):715-20. (Link - free full PDF)

  16. Gestational age, gender and parity specific centile charts for placental weight for singleton deliveries in Aberdeen, UK. Wallace JM, Bhattacharya S, Horgan GW. Placenta. 2013 Mar 1;34(3):269-74. (Link - free abstract)

G.

Large Placentas and Pregnancy

  1. Placental weight centiles adjusted for age, parity and fetal sex. Flatley, Christopher, Pol Sole-Navais, Marc Vaudel, Øyvind Helgeland, Dominika Modzelewska, Stefan Johansson, Bo Jacobsson, and Pål Njølstad. Placenta, Volume 117, 2021, Pages 87-94, (Link - free full PDF)

  2. Placental weight and risk of neonatal death. Dypvik J, Larsen S, Haavaldsen C, Saugstad OD, Eskild A. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(2):197–199. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4556 (Link - free full PDF)

  3. Placental weight and placental weight to birthweight ratio in relation to Apgar score at birth: a population study of 522 360 singleton pregnancies. Eskild, Anne, Camilla Haavaldsen, and Lars J. Vatten. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 93.12 (2014): 1302-1308. (Link - free full PDF)

  4. Paternal age, placental weight and placental to birthweight ratio: a population-based study of 590 835 pregnancies. E.M. Strøm-Roum, C. Haavaldsen, T.G. Tanbo, A. Eskild, Human Reproduction, Volume 28, Issue 11, November 2013, Pages 3126–3133 (Link - free full PDF)

  5. Placental weight relative to birthweight in pregnancies with maternal diabetes mellitus. Strøm‐Roum, Ellen M., et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 92.7 (2013): 783-789. (Link - full free PDF)

  6. Offspring birthweight and placental weight-does the type of maternal diabetes matter? A population-based study of 319 076 pregnancies. Strøm-Roum EM, Jukic AM, Eskild A. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2021 Jun 22. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14217. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34157127. (Link - free full PDF)

  7. Placental weight for gestational age and adverse perinatal outcomes. Hutcheon JA, McNamara H, Platt RW, Benjamin A, Kramer MS. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2012 Jun 1;119(6):1251-8. (Link - free full PDF)

  8. The Relationship between the Weight of the Placenta and Birth Weight of Term Neonate Delivered in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Nigeria. Olaleye, A.A., Nwafor, J.I., Ebere, I.C., Ibo, C.C., Ugoji, D.P.C., Obi, N.C., Asogwa, S.U. and Adiele, A.N., 2019. Advances in Reproductive Sciences, 7(4), pp.82-93. (Link)


H.

Placenta Size and Risk of Preeclampsia

  1. First-trimester screening for early preeclampsia risk using maternal characteristics and estimated placental volume. Kim, Young Ran, et al. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 34.7 (2021): 1155-1160. (Link - free abstract)

  2. Evaluation of the relation between placental weight and placental weight to foetal weight ratio and the causes of stillbirth: a retrospective comparative study. Pásztor, Norbert, et al. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 38.1 (2018): 74-80. (Link - free abstract)